Many were wearing the shirt with the words "Islam is of the Devil," the same words on a sign that members had posted outside their church in July of 2009. WATCH: Westboro Baptist Church trolled by Triumph the Insult Comic Dog outside RNC The Christian hate group was surprised by protesters with "God hates mermen" and "Morning people are beasts" signs UPDATE: VERDICT IS IN (click) Yesterday in Baltimore, legal arguments were presented before a judge in the civil case against Westboro Baptist Church. There’s not much more important to me than Christ and the Church. A man named Albert Snyder sued the Westboro Baptist Church after they picketed the 2006 funeral of his son, Marine Lance Cpl. Common phrases such as "God Hates America," "God's Wrath is Revealed," and "God Loves Dead Soldiers" are used in an effort to provoke a predicted reaction. These signs create an image of an angry, hateful God that punishes those who disobey the strict word of the Bible, as interpreted by the Westboro Church. The Atlanta rapper - who was born Montero Lamar Hill - … And so there’s not much that frustrates or angers me more than when those who identify as Christians, like I do, cast an unflattering light on our faith. 6.72. After the church released a statement about the picket, she responded with an amusing warning. The Westboro Baptist Church, a group notorious for its anti-gay protests, was greeted by hundreds of curious onlookers during its last visit to Brooklyn in fall 2010. The Westboro Baptist Church was originally a part of the East Side Baptist Church in Topeka, Kansas, but in 1954, the East Side hired Phelps as a pastor to head the new church … Read Next. The WBC then tweeted: "Iraq here we come." The Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) is an American unaffiliated Baptist church known for its extreme ideologies, especially those against gay people. Skip to comments. If anyone knows where they'll be protesting, please use #HeyExtremistsHereTheyAre. The group pickets institutions and individuals they think suppor t homosexuality or otherwise subvert what they believe is God’s law. www.godhatesfags.com. The Supreme Court seemed to have trouble putting aside the ugliness of the message to focus on the rights of the messenger … Members of the Westboro Baptist Church gathered outside the Americus Elementary School to protest USD251 on Thursday, Feb. 26. Westboro issued a statement calling upon its members to … True Christian™ Just a Regular Nice Guy : Posts: 28,671. Central Michigan University students engaged in an open discussion with five members of the Westboro Baptist Church and a Satanist for a classroom event Tuesday, April 24. Westboro Baptist Church Founder Fred Phelps Sr. They can be condemned by decent people, they can be shunned by a tolerant society, but they cannot be removed and arrested for their offensive preaching. I do however applaud them for their taking the message of laying one's life on the line for the corruption of a nation as being also misguided. The Atlanta rapper - who was born Montero Lamar Hill - … Norway has strict codes against "hate speech," which would appear to cover the type of slogans Westboro Baptist Church members chant while holding "God hates" signs during their protests. Fred Phelps in 1955. I came across this a few days ago and thought it was worth sharing. Here I’ve been thinking that Fred Phelps ‘ Westboro Baptist Church was the epitome of evilness. 0:00 / 3:48. The Westboro Baptist Church Cult Leader was on his radio show today explaining that sometimes he hears voices and the voices are those of a Gay Devil who commands him to look at sexy men on the internet. The Devil character discussed such issues as the Catholic Church sex abuse scandal, the Westboro Baptist Church's funeral protests, Osama bin Laden's death and the Penn State child sex abuse scandal. The next hashtag trending on Twitter was ‘captainpolyamory’ VICE followed the story of the Westboro Baptist Church as families split and children were brainwashed into picketing funerals and bashing homosexuals. The church accepted the offer and called on Hills to shut up or "show us plane tickets" Hills said he will ‘reply’ to the Westboro Baptist Church on tonight’s episode of The Last Leg (August 22nd). A popular band met hateful extremism with generosity recently after a gaggle of perma-protesters from the Westboro Baptist Church showed up at its concert in Kansas City, Mo., wielding posters that read "Repent or Perish" and "God H8s Fag Marriage.". Every mention of WBC in the media is considered a victory by the group. Since 2005, at the funerals of soldiers killed in Iraq and Afghanistan, Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) members carry placards with sayings like “Thank God for Dead Soldiers” and “Thank God for IEDs [improvised explosive devices]” while shouting epithets at mourners. However, in August 2012, The Honoring America’s Veterans and Caring for Camp Lejeune Families Act was signed into law, providing a slew of new benefits to veterans, including a provision on funeral … westboro baptist church, HOW DARE YOU!!!! How the Secret Weapon of 'SNL' Trolls the Westboro Baptist Church In His Free Time. VICE followed the story of the Westboro Baptist Church as families split and children were brainwashed into picketing funerals and bashing homosexuals. They’re the verses many other Christians would say are taken wildly out of … God hates fags and all proud sinners (Psalm 5:5). download video, 15 megs, wmv format]. Fred Phelps, the infamous minister of hate from Topeka, Kan., died March 19. WBC Preaching Locations. It’s headed by the aptly-name Ben Bigots. But they went one better on 21 August 2015, when the Sonic Highways tour arrived in Kansas once again for a show at the city's Sprint Center. Eastboro Baptist Church is Sneaking Up On Us. The Westboro Baptist Church believes that Misha Collins is the true antichrist, does this church believe so as well? Westboro Baptist Church Pickets Newton School Funerals: Say Kids Deserved to Die Because America Loves “Fags” 23 Dec Some content on this page was disabled on July 20, 2018 for the publication of private information. Fred Phelps founded the Westboro Baptist Church in Topeka, Kansas, in 1955. Seth Meyers: The Supreme Court, earlier this week, issued a landmark First Amendment ruling.It upheld the right of the Westboro Baptist Church to protest at military funerals. As you marvel at the equal opportunity venom of Fred Phelps and his clan, bear in mind that this is the same group that … Live. (#2) James Hutchins. ‘#godhatescaptainamerica fags will doom us all. Former Westboro Baptist Church member Lauren Drain says she was 'banished' after questioning its beliefs to her family. We Can Agree with Westboro Baptist that God HATES ALL SIN, Christianity, 51 replies Westboro Baptist In My Home Town, Christianity, 2 replies Have you all heard of Westboro Baptist Church?, Christianity, 25 replies Westboro Baptist Church to Protest Gordon B. Hinckley Funeral, Christianity, 37 replies Fred Phelps Sr. prepares to protest outside the Kansas Statehouse in Topeka, Kan. 6 Times Satan Was Actually the Good Guy. BALTIMORE (Map, News) – The family of a fallen soldier whose funeral was picketed by Westboro Baptist Church remains hopeful its lawsuit will financially cripple the fringe, gay-bashing group. Bay Minette. Bear Grylls Is Back. Westboro Baptist Church has become infamous for a whole lot of controversial protests throughout the years, riling-up the public as they carry on with their wearisome ‘God Hates Fags’ crusade. Phelps-Roper participated in the church… The infamous Westboro Baptist Church, of the “God Hates Fags” demonstrations at the funerals of American soldiers fame, has a new target: Kim Davis. Lil Nas X suffered a wardrobe malfunction while performing on Saturday Night Live. Leader: of Westboro Baptist church. Snyder." But they went one better on 21 August 2015, when the Sonic Highways tour arrived in Kansas once again for a show at the city's Sprint Center. The notorious Westboro Baptist Church in Kansas is gearing up to protest at Dio's memorial service in Hollywood on May 30th as they claim he is a “Satan worshipper / enabler” who “encourages violence”. A church is the body of Christ, and the God I serve is a god of love, not of hate. (#2) James Hutchins. She grew up in Topeka, Kansas, in a compound with other members of the church. The Devil doesn’t like the Westboro Baptist Church’s anti-gay protests Anthony Crispino gets facts wrong about the Oscars, Libya, Charlie Sheen — I like Seth starting tonight’s Update by sternly telling a photo of Charlie Sheen that he’ll have to wait his … The church is widely described as a hate group and is monitored as such by the Anti-Defamation League and Southern Poverty Law Center. In 2006, members of the Westboro Baptist Church in Topeka, Kansas carried signs displaying phrases such as “Thank God For Dead Soldiers” outside a funeral being held for a marine who was killed over in Iraq. The church accepted the offer and called on Hills to shut up or "show us plane tickets" Hills said he will ‘reply’ to the Westboro Baptist Church on tonight’s episode of The Last Leg (August 22nd). A GIF map created by the White House highlights the ZIP codes of the people who signed the anti-Westboro petitions. Brainwashed by the Westboro Baptist Church. Pastor Phelps and his congregation are to the final generation before the end of this age what Noah was to the final generation before the Flood; an uncompromising voice of warning and call to repentance, particularly with reference to the … In a press release, Westboro Baptist Church added: “The Episcopal Diocese of Missouri continues a trajectory straight to hell… Mr Johnson does not have a wife, but rather a ‘husband’. The recent death at 84 of Fred W. Phelps Sr., founder of Westboro Baptist Church, has left an opening at the top of the tiny congregation notorious for … They came after a story about a student being kicked off the school bus for saying they were lesbian was published in the Emporia Gazette. Opiate of the Masses TOPEKA - The estranged son of a controversial Kansas pastor encouraged people to feel sympathy for members of his father's church, "at least for the young children stuck in that situation." ordained a minister at 17, as Southern Baptists. The senior Snyder’s pain was clear: “They turned this funeral into a media circus and they wanted to hurt my family,” he said. Brainwashed by the Westboro Baptist Church. God does not … The autonomous church has 50 members, many of whom are members of the Phelps family. Westboro Baptist Church. Topeka, Kansas-based Westboro was started by Fred Phelps in 1955 and is best known for protesting soldiers' funerals carrying signs that say "God Hates Fags," and "Thank God for dead soldiers." Fred Phelps of the Westboro Baptist Church (godhatesfags.com) which the bishop, in his own words, apparently plans to build upon in the future. Steve Drain is an American filmmaker, former skeptic, and Supreme Leader an important figure on the eight man board of elders which has ruled the Westboro Baptist Church since the excommunication death of founder Fred Phelps and the coup against his daughter, Shirley Phelps-Roper truth of women's inferiority which showed him his calling . Alabama. Great to be here, Seth! God is about love not hate! In 2001, at age 35, Steve Drain considered himself an atheist. They now may us betrayers, and we are cut off from your brainwashed by the westboro baptist church, but we well they are well-intentioned. by Mohan Karulkar. Lil Nas X suffered a wardrobe malfunction during a performance on "Saturday Night Live." News. One of the Westboro … Respondents’ Speech and Its Relation to “Matters of Public Concern” Dies July 2007: The Rev. It upheld the right of the Westboro Baptist Church to protest at military funerals. Mar 2, 2020, 12:56 am* A vile baptist church in the US infamous for its hatred of homosexuals is planning to picket Ronnie James Dio's funeral. They've become synonymous with hate, bigotry, and intolerance. Repent or perish (Luke 13:3). And so there’s not much that frustrates or angers me more than when those who identify as Christians, like I do, cast an unflattering light on our faith. Topeka, Kansas-based Westboro was started by Fred Phelps in 1955 and is best known for protesting soldiers' funerals carrying signs that say "God Hates Fags," and "Thank God for dead soldiers." Westboro was started by the Rev. A public memorial service for heavy metal rocker Ronnie James Dio is planned for Sunday, with members of the Westboro Baptist Church saying they will picket the ceremony. Fred Phelps, founder of the controversial Westboro Baptist Church and a target of The Satanic Temple Credit: Getty Images - Getty “People find that experience very moving and genuine. This is another example of how Fred Phelps, head of Westboro, and his crew attacked Snyder and his family. A couple years back, I wound up performing in a free comedy show outside a … God hates fags and all proud sinners (Psalm 5:5). Westboro Baptist Church Founder Fred Phelps Sr. Westboro Baptist Church "will picket any public memorial/funeral held for Dunn, warning all not to make a mock of sin, & to fear and obey God!” the release said. Westboro Baptist Church will be picketing the funeral of Obama's grandmother: Not posting the link even if someone requests it, but this is from their press release: WBC to picket the funeral of Madelyn ... Nobody but the Devil spends their days trying to squeeze more souls into Hell. Steve Drain is an American filmmaker, former skeptic, and Supreme Leader an important figure on the eight man board of elders which has ruled the Westboro Baptist Church since the excommunication death of founder Fred Phelps and the coup against his daughter, Shirley Phelps-Roper truth of women's inferiority which showed him his calling. Evil ideas, yes. Dave Sirus is an American writer and stand-up comedian. at the Disco found out about the impending protest beforehand and tweeted this ingenious response to its … In recent days, Catholic Bishop Paprocki of Springfield, Illinois, has launched a homophobic, potentially hatemongering crusade reminiscent of Rev. The Devil: [ catcalls, then laughs ] Yeah! Is the man who is suggesting Dan go offering to pay for his trip? “We just want them to stop damaging other people,” said Craig Trebilcock, a lawyer for the family of fallen Marine Lance Cpl. Mr. Snyder won the suit but lost the appeal. Often, you can see them with booths set up at various gay pride marches around the country denying Christ and giving people a false hope in a false gospel. That being said, Westboro Baptist gay haters were offered a trip and paid for to protest. 2012, Religion - 39 min 197 Comments. A couple years back, I wound up performing in a free comedy show outside a … I’ve completely ignored the horror that is Eastboro Baptist Church. Led by American pastor and ex-civil rights activist Fred Phelps, the Kansas church has been actively preaching messages of hate toward gays, non-Christians, Jews, and even celebrities since the early nineties. The Hobbit’s Gandalf the White and Harry Potter’s Professor Albus Dumbledore are getting married opposite The Westboro Baptist Church next … The Devil: [ catcalls, then laughs ] Yeah!Great to be here, Seth! Nearly every member of the congregation is … Until The Westboro Baptist Church got involved that is. The Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) is an American unaffiliated Baptist church known for its extreme ideologies, especially those against gay people. Bringing their message of God’s hatred for anyone who sins to the Outer Banks, the Westboro Baptist Church of Topeka, Kansas, protested against the students and parents of First Flight High School (FFHS) in Kill Devil Hills because the school’s clubs include a Gay/Straight Alliance (GSA). Black metal is not satanic, no more than the Westboro Baptist Church is a "right-wing Christian movement". They care only about publicity. 03:13 — 10 years ago by David. A name revered by few and hated by most. The church’s congregation believes that God hates and punishes the United States for its tolerance of homosexuality, particularly in America’s military. The Atheist Who Joined The WBC. It irks me that " The Group at Westboro " identifies themselves as (1). Why is Westboro Baptist Church the cruelest, vilest, nastiest group of people you could ever imagine? Matthew A. Snyder”. Jacob Collins, current CEO and co-founder of Humiliating Hate, a group dedicated to protesting hate groups and documenting their protests, stands in front of the Westboro Baptist Church members. Before diving in, the members of the Westboro Baptist Church would like for me to inform you that you’re going to hell. Westboro Baptist Church. Central Michigan University students engaged in an open discussion with five members of the Westboro Baptist Church and a Satanist for a classroom event Tuesday, April 24. A public memorial service for heavy metal rocker Ronnie James Dio is planned for Sunday, with members of the Westboro Baptist Church saying they will picket the ceremony. Believe on the Lord Jesus for remission of sins (Acts 10:43, 16:31). True Christian™ Just a Regular Nice Guy : Posts: 28,671. Her mother is Shirley Phelps-Roper, and her grandfather is the church's founder, Fred Phelps. 1-0 to the Foos. See, the Westboro baptist church is a tiny organization with terrible ideas. Before Westboro kids report being before alienated from your comments, according to the Conclusive Concern Law October. Fred Phelps, the infamous minister of hate from Topeka, Kan., died March 19. The Westboro Baptist Church appears to be fond of picketing the funerals of military members who have died serving the country and politicians who pretend to serve their country like the Democrats. Westboro Baptist Church will be picketing the funeral of Obama's grandmother: Not posting the link even if someone requests it, but this is from their press release: WBC to picket the funeral of Madelyn ... Nobody but the Devil spends their days trying to squeeze more souls into Hell. Also: Weekend Update—Seth Meyers runs down this week's winners and losers; the Devil (Jason Sudeikis) weighs in on the Westboro Baptist Church funeral protestors. Fred Phelps and ordination in Southern Baptist churches. “Good riddance, Fred Phelps,” Time’s David Von Drehle remarked , showing little sympathy for … 0:00. The ELCA has become the most anti-Christian […] God hates fags and all proud sinners (Psalm 5:5). In the wake of the recent Supreme Court ruling finding DOMA (the Defense of Marriage Act) to be unconstitutional, I feel compelled to send a little gratitude toward the Westboro Baptist Church of Topeka, Kansas. Matthew A. Snyder, who had died in a vehicle accident in Anbar province, Iraq. On September 21, 2015, he was hired as a writer for the forty-first season of Saturday Night Live for which he was nominated for an … Second of all, it isn't a church. Christians; (2); a Church; and (3) Baptist. Yes, Fred Phelps, the founder of the infamous Westboro Baptist Church, has died. The lesbian couple held their wedding ceremony directly across from Westboro Baptist Church as a kind of counter-protest to the usual antics of the Westboro Baptist Church. Westboro Baptist Church is not affiliated with a broader Baptist denomination. 3701 SW 12TH St , Topeka , KS 66604 Map & Directions. Let us have faith that wisdom will come to the leadership at Westboro that will take the organization on a better course. Date. Westboro Baptist Church is going to picket Ronnie James Dio's funeral. Westboro Baptist Church. Seth Meyers: Uhhh — sure thing, “The Devil”! The WBC then tweeted: "Iraq here we come." The Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (ELCA) is an apostate denomination that affirms homosexuals as well as female clergy. NEW – Pastor Fred Phelps and congregation/Westboro Baptist Church/WBC. Believe on the Lord Jesus for remission of sins (Acts 10:43, 16:31). The Group at Westboro by Thomas White. Discussion in 'Cults' started by Dax, Apr 1, 2020. It says on its website that it is an "Old School (or, Primitive) Baptist Church," though it has no known ties to any broader national Baptist denomination. "It started when they were protesting my graduation (in Independence, Missouri)," said Collins. At the time he was nine and he was counter-protesting the Westboro Baptist Church. Son of Westboro Baptist Church pastor Fred Phelps says dad abused, terrorized him as child NyDailyNews ^ | 04/27/10 Posted on 04/27/2010 8:44:43 PM PDT by jerry557. They’re not a foreign enemy across the sea but one engaging in friendly fire. Westboro Baptist Church also posted an essay on its website entitled "The Burden of Marine Lance Cpl. First of all: The Westboro Baptist Church isn't Baptist. A Peek Inside The Westboro Baptist Church The Topeka, Kan., church claims only about 100 members — almost all from the family of a man named Fred Phelps. Westboro Baptist Church. As the world mourns the death of Maya Angelou, the infamous Westboro Baptist Church is responding to the tragic news with plans to picket the funeral of the literary legend. Fred Phelps Sr. prepares to protest outside the Kansas Statehouse in Topeka, Kan. American media could not help but gloat today as news of the passing of Fred Phelps, Sr. the much-hated founder of the infamous Westboro Baptist Church. The church sticks to a strict, word-for-word interpretation of the Bible, believing anyone who does not follow its exact letter is doomed to an eternity of suffering in Hell. by Mohan Karulkar. The Westboro Baptist Church Cult Leader was on his radio show today explaining that sometimes he hears voices and the voices are those of a Gay Devil who commands him to look at sexy men on the internet. If anyone knows where they'll be protesting, please use #HeyExtremistsHereTheyAre. Baptist Church; 1.5. Believe on the Lord Jesus for remission of sins (Acts 10:43, 16:31). While the media was eager to paint the Norwegian black metal scene as Satanists, it was a completely fabricated image that had nothing to do with the resentment of Norwegian black metal musicians towards Christianity and middle-eastern values. Why I Love the Westboro Baptist Church. In the poem, the church states that Albert and his wife raised Matthew for the devil. Before the Revolutionary War that founded this country, taking the nation away from the Finally, in 2000, he began seriously researching the Westboro Baptist Church, going to Washington, D.C. to film the group picketing the Millennium … The Devil… The church says they have picketed more than 50,000 events. Megan Phelps-Roper is an American political activist and former member of, and spokesperson for, the Westboro Baptist Church. I have been a christian my whole life and studied the bible and gone to leadership camps and so forth and the only thing i learnt was that God loves us!!! … It says on its website that it is an "Old School (or, Primitive) Baptist Church," though it has no known ties to any broader national Baptist denomination. Counter-Culture: A group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns. How are you? And betrayal is the hardest injury to forgive. Let these furry little hatemongers give you the answer in a fabulously festive fashion. WBC to protest Captain America on Ellen’ Steve rolled his eyes and cracked his knuckles, calling Bucky and Sam over. Read Next. For many, stating, "I Love the Westboro Baptist Church" is almost akin to saying, "I Love Hitler." This entry was posted in conservatism, fundamentalism, mental health, politics, religion and spirituality and tagged extremism, Saturday Night Live, SNL, Taliban, Westboro Baptist Church on October 5, 2012 by literarylew. The Westboro Baptist Church believes that Misha Collins is the true antichrist, does this church believe so as well? Repent or perish (Luke 13:3). "The president is going to be king of the world before this is all said and done and he is most likely The Beast spoken of in the Revelation," she told Fox News' Chris Wallace. But they are not an organization of violent, evil actions. The people of Westboro Baptist Church care not one iota for reaching out to sinners or leading people to salvation. Fred Phelps and ordination in Southern Baptist churches. Ratings: 6.72 / 10 from 39 users . The church is widely described as a hate group and is monitored as such by the Anti-Defamation League and Southern Poverty Law Center. Here to comment: The Devil. The church has certainly made a name for itself. 2. Bby, Alvarez comments signs of jealous 30 way away from her former for. 1. Reviving Old Scratch reintroduces the devil to the modern church with a biblical, bold and urgent vision of spiritual warfare where we resist the devil by joining the Kingdom of God’s subversive campaign to interrupt the world with love. UPDATE: VERDICT IS IN (click) Yesterday in Baltimore, legal arguments were presented before a judge in the civil case against Westboro Baptist Church. Born November13th, 1929 Self described as a “primitive Baptist”. This entry was posted in conservatism, fundamentalism, mental health, politics, religion and spirituality and tagged extremism, Saturday Night Live, SNL, Taliban, Westboro Baptist Church on October 5, 2012 by literarylew. The Devil doesn’t like the Westboro Baptist Church’s anti-gay protests Anthony Crispino gets facts wrong about the Oscars, Libya, Charlie Sheen — I like Seth starting tonight’s Update by sternly telling a photo of Charlie Sheen that he’ll have to wait his … ... "There are 2 types of people on this earth – the children of the devil (also known as the wicked, workers of iniquity, children of disobedience, the reprobate) and the children of God (also known as the righteous, the just, the sheep of God, the elect of God). There’s not much more important to me than Christ and the Church. Electro pop-rock band Panic! Westboro Baptist Church attorney Margie Phelps said Sunday that President Barack Obama was probably a sign of the Apocalypse. They accepted the trip. A couple of months ago I emailed godhatesfags.com, the Westboro Baptist Church's website, to put forward a couple of questions which they hadn't answered in the FAQ and therefore, I thought, would be more likely to answer.A representative wrote back and for about the next week, before they stopped replying, we argued via email - these are copies of my emails and his replies. The Topeka, Kansas-based Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) is a small virulently homophobic, anti-Semitic hate group that regularly stages protests around the country, often several times a week. December 23, 2012. In reading the passage above, I could not help but process the chant of “Hail Satan!” into a typology of meaning, as in James Bielo, Words upon the Word: An Ethnography Group Bible Study [New York University Press, 2009, 33-38]. t. e. Westboro Baptist Church ( WBC) is an American hyper-Calvinist cult and hate group. The idea came into my head because I was reading a story about a little kid called Joseph Miles. “The Westboro Baptist Church will picket and protest at the funeral of Paul Walker.” This one was almost too easy to see coming. God hates fags and all proud sinners (Psalm 5:5). Filmmaker Steve Drain ventured out to Topeka to interview the family running the Westboro Baptist Church, who the majority of America has come to call hatemongers. Westboro Baptist Church is doomed to failure and nearing the 'tipping point' as members flee, Nate claims Nate had not seen his father since leaving the church 37 years ago - … 2012, Religion - 39 min 197 Comments. He produces and writes sketch comedy, is known for interviewing members of the Westboro Baptist Church, and appeared as a guest and recurring comedic correspondent on RT 's The Alyona Show and HuffPost Live. Westboro Baptist Church. 11 reviews on. Not even Jerry Falwell, the least-liked of the religious leaders among evangelical Christians, comes close to the hate-filled, homophobic, racist rhetoric that spews forth from the mouths of the members of Westboro Baptist Church. Repent or perish (Luke 13:3).